I focus on four types of constraints: primary key, foreign key, unique, and check. Here's a brief overview of each.
Primary key
This constraint is used to guarantee that a column or set of columns on a table contain unique values for every record in the given table. This lets you ensure data integrity by always being able to uniquely identify the record in the table.
A table can have only one primary key constraint defined on it, and the rows in the primary key columns cannot contain null values. A primary key constraint can be defined when a table is created, or it can be added later.
This script creates a primary key constraint on a single field when the table is created:
IF OBJECT_ID('SalesHistory')>0
DROP TABLE SalesHistory;
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[SalesHistory](
[SaleID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
[Product] [char](150) NULL,
[SaleDate] [datetime] NULL,
[SalePrice] [money] NULL
)
GO
The followings script creates the primary key constraint when the table is created. This method allows you to define a name for the constraint and to create the constraint on multiple columns if necessary.
IF OBJECT_ID('SalesHistory')>0
DROP TABLE SalesHistory;
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[SalesHistory](
[SaleID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[Product] [char](150) NULL,
[SaleDate] [datetime] NULL,
[SalePrice] [money] NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_SaleID PRIMARY KEY (SaleID)
)
GO
This script creates the primary key constraint on the table after it is created:
IF OBJECT_ID('SalesHistory')>0
DROP TABLE SalesHistory;
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[SalesHistory](
[SaleID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[Product] [char](150) NULL,
[SaleDate] [datetime] NULL,
[SalePrice] [money] NULL
)
GO
ALTER TABLE SalesHistory
ADD CONSTRAINT pk_SaleID PRIMARY KEY (SaleID)
GO
Foreign key
This constraint limits the values of columns in one table based upon the values of columns in another table. This link between the two tables requires the use of a "lookup table," which contains the accepted list of values; this list must contain a unique or primary key constraint. After the constraint is established between the two tables, any data modifications to the fields defined in the constraint on the foreign key table will cause a validation to ensure that the data being updated or inserted is contained in the lookup table.
The previous script contains the WITH NOCHECK clause. I use it so that any existing values in the table are not considered when the constraint is added. Any records in the table that violate the newly added constraint will be ignored so that the constraint is created. The constraint will only be applicable to new records entered into the SalesHistory table.
Unique
This constraint guarantees that the values in a column or set of columns are unique. Unique and primary key constraints are somewhat similar because each provide a guarantee for uniqueness for a column or set of columns. A primary key constraint automatically has a unique constraint defined on it.
There are two differences between the constraints: (1) You may have only one primary key constraint per table, yet you may have many unique constraints per table; (2) A primary key constraint will not allow null values but a unique constraint will (although it will only allow one null value per field).
This script creates a unique constraint on the SaleID column when the table is created:
IF OBJECT_ID('SalesHistory')>0
DROP TABLE SalesHistory;
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[SalesHistory](
[SaleID] [int] NOT NULL UNIQUE,
[Product] [char](150) NULL,
[SaleDate] [datetime] NULL,
[SalePrice] [money] NULL
)
GO
The following script creates a unique constraint on the table at creation, and it allows for constraint naming and for defining the unique constraint on multiple columns if necessary.
IF OBJECT_ID('SalesHistory')>0
DROP TABLE SalesHistory;
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[SalesHistory](
[SaleID] [int] NOT NULL,
[Product] [char](150) NULL,
[SaleDate] [datetime] NULL,
[SalePrice] [money] NULL,
CONSTRAINT uc_SaleID UNIQUE (SaleID)
)
GO
This script creates the unique constraint on the SalesHistory table by altering the table after it has been created:
IF OBJECT_ID('SalesHistory')>0
DROP TABLE SalesHistory;
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[SalesHistory](
[SaleID] [int] NOT NULL,
[Product] [char](150) NULL,
[SaleDate] [datetime] NULL,
[SalePrice] [money] NULL
)
GO
ALTER TABLE SalesHistory
ADD CONSTRAINT uc_SaleID UNIQUE(SaleID)
GO
Check
This constraint limits the value range, or domain, in a column. Check constraints check the acceptable values against a logical expression defined in the constraint. These constraints are similar to foreign key constraints in that they both govern the acceptable values for a column or set of columns in a given row in a table. You can create a check constraint at the column or table level. A check constraint on a single column allows only certain values for those columns, while a table check constraint can limit values in certain columns based on values in other fields in the row.
The following script creates a check constraint on the SalePrice column in the SalesHistory table, limiting entries where the SalePrice must be greater than 4. Any attempt to enter a record with the SalePrice present and less than 4 will result in an error.
IF OBJECT_ID('SalesHistory')>0
DROP TABLE SalesHistory;
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[SalesHistory](
[SaleID] [int] NOT NULL,
[Product] [char](150) NULL,
[SaleDate] [datetime] NULL,
[SalePrice] [money] NULL CHECK (SalePrice > 4)
)
GO
Tuesday, July 31, 2007
Monday, July 23, 2007
SQL Server 2005 Samples (1)
SQL Operatins
/* Example for PRINT */
PRINT 'sample'
Go
/* Example for SELECT */
SELECT 'book', 200;
GO
SELECT 'book' as material, 200 as items;
GO
Variables and Data Types
/*Example for Declare, initialize, display value of a Variable */
DECLARE @varText INT;
SET @varText = 10;
SELECT @varText as varText;
GO
/*Boolean Variable. you can use the BIT or bit keyword.*/
/* initialize 0 -> false or Any number -> true */
DECLARE @varText BIT;
set @varText = 0;
SELECT @varText as varText;
GO
/* Decimal variable */
/* (either decimal or numeric would produce the same effect in SQL Server */
DECLARE @Distance DECIMAL;
SET @Distance = 27.99;
PRINT @Distance;
GO
/* Floating point */
DECLARE @Distance FLOAT;
SET @Distance = 648.16;
PRINT @Distance;
GO
/* Money Variable */
DECLARE @YearlyIncome Money;
SET @YearlyIncome = 48500.15;
SELECT @YearlyIncome AS [Yearly Income];
GO
/* DATETIME Variable */
DECLARE @IndependenceDay DATETIME;
SET @IndependenceDay = '01/01/1960';
SELECT @IndependenceDay AS [Independence Day];
GO
/*Time*/
DECLARE @ArrivalTime datetime;
SET @ArrivalTime = '18:22';
SELECT @ArrivalTime as [Arrival Time];
GO
/*CHAR Variable*/
DECLARE @Gender CHAR, @LeftMostChar CHAR;
SET @GENDER = 'M';
SET @LeftMostChar = 'Male';
SELECT @Gender as Gender, @LeftMostChar as LeftMostChar;
GO
SQL Expressions
/*IF Condition Statement*/
DECLARE @bool BIT;
SET @bool = 0;
IF @bool <> 0
PRINT 'bool value is True';
ELSE
PRINT 'bool value is False';
GO
/*CASE...WHEN...THEN */
DECLARE @CharGender Char(1), @Gender Varchar(20);
SET @CharGender = 'M';
SET @Gender =
CASE @CharGender
WHEN 'm' THEN 'Male'
WHEN 'M' THEN 'Male'
WHEN 'f' THEN 'Female'
WHEN 'F' THEN 'Female'
ELSE 'Unknown'
END;
SELECT @Gender as Gender
GO
/*WHILE Condition Statement*/
DECLARE @Number As int;
SET @Number = 3;
WHILE @Number < style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">BEGIN
SELECT @Number as Number;
SET @Number = @Number + 1;
END;
GO
Functions
/* Create Function */
CREATE FUNCTION addition(@a INT, @b INT)
RETURNS INT
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @result INT;
SET @result = @a + @b;
RETURN @result;
END;
GO
/* Call Function ------*/
DECLARE @Nbr1 INT,
@Nbr2 INT
SET @Nbr1 = 4268
SET @Nbr2 = 26
SELECT @Nbr1 as First,
@Nbr2 as Second,
user.addition(@Nbr1, @Nbr2) as Result;
GO
Built-in Functions
/* Casting a Value */
DECLARE @stringV VARCHAR(10), @intV INT
SET @stringV = '10';
SET @intV = CAST(@stringV as INT);
SELECT @intV as Result
GO
/* Converting a Value */
/* Casting a Value */
DECLARE @stringV VARCHAR(10), @intV INT, @result INT
SET @stringV = '6';
SET @intV = CAST(@stringV as INT);
SET @result = @intV + @intV;
PRINT 'Result :' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(10), @result, 10);
GO
/* The Length of a String */
DECLARE @stringV varchar(10), @result INT
SET @stringV = 'ABCDEF';
SET @result = LEN(@stringV);
PRINT 'Result :' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(10), @result, 10);
GO
/* Date and Time Based Functions*/
/* The Current System Date and/or Time */
DECLARE @currentDateTime DATETIME
SET @currentDateTime = GETDATE();
SELECT @currentDateTime AS CurrentDateTime;
GO
/*Date/Time Addition
Format :- DATEADD(TypeOfValue, ValueToAdd, DateOrTimeReferenced)*/
DECLARE @Anniversary As DateTime;
SET @Anniversary = '2002/10/02';
SELECT DATEADD(yy, 4, @Anniversary) AS Anniversary;
GO
/*Date/Time Addition
Format :- DATEDIFF(TypeOfValue, StartDate, EndDate) */
DECLARE @DateHired As DateTime, @CurrentDate As DateTime;
SET @DateHired = '2006/10/12';
SET @CurrentDate = GETDATE();
SELECT DATEDIFF(mm, @DateHired, @CurrentDate)
AS [Current Experience], DATEDIFF(dd, @DateHired, @CurrentDate) as Days;
GO
/* Example for PRINT */
PRINT 'sample'
Go
/* Example for SELECT */
SELECT 'book', 200;
GO
SELECT 'book' as material, 200 as items;
GO
Variables and Data Types
/*Example for Declare, initialize, display value of a Variable */
DECLARE @varText INT;
SET @varText = 10;
SELECT @varText as varText;
GO
/*Boolean Variable. you can use the BIT or bit keyword.*/
/* initialize 0 -> false or Any number -> true */
DECLARE @varText BIT;
set @varText = 0;
SELECT @varText as varText;
GO
/* Decimal variable */
/* (either decimal or numeric would produce the same effect in SQL Server */
DECLARE @Distance DECIMAL;
SET @Distance = 27.99;
PRINT @Distance;
GO
/* Floating point */
DECLARE @Distance FLOAT;
SET @Distance = 648.16;
PRINT @Distance;
GO
/* Money Variable */
DECLARE @YearlyIncome Money;
SET @YearlyIncome = 48500.15;
SELECT @YearlyIncome AS [Yearly Income];
GO
/* DATETIME Variable */
DECLARE @IndependenceDay DATETIME;
SET @IndependenceDay = '01/01/1960';
SELECT @IndependenceDay AS [Independence Day];
GO
/*Time*/
DECLARE @ArrivalTime datetime;
SET @ArrivalTime = '18:22';
SELECT @ArrivalTime as [Arrival Time];
GO
/*CHAR Variable*/
DECLARE @Gender CHAR, @LeftMostChar CHAR;
SET @GENDER = 'M';
SET @LeftMostChar = 'Male';
SELECT @Gender as Gender, @LeftMostChar as LeftMostChar;
GO
SQL Expressions
/*IF Condition Statement*/
DECLARE @bool BIT;
SET @bool = 0;
IF @bool <> 0
PRINT 'bool value is True';
ELSE
PRINT 'bool value is False';
GO
/*CASE...WHEN...THEN */
DECLARE @CharGender Char(1), @Gender Varchar(20);
SET @CharGender = 'M';
SET @Gender =
CASE @CharGender
WHEN 'm' THEN 'Male'
WHEN 'M' THEN 'Male'
WHEN 'f' THEN 'Female'
WHEN 'F' THEN 'Female'
ELSE 'Unknown'
END;
SELECT @Gender as Gender
GO
/*WHILE Condition Statement*/
DECLARE @Number As int;
SET @Number = 3;
WHILE @Number < style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">BEGIN
SELECT @Number as Number;
SET @Number = @Number + 1;
END;
GO
Functions
/* Create Function */
CREATE FUNCTION addition(@a INT, @b INT)
RETURNS INT
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @result INT;
SET @result = @a + @b;
RETURN @result;
END;
GO
/* Call Function ------*/
DECLARE @Nbr1 INT,
@Nbr2 INT
SET @Nbr1 = 4268
SET @Nbr2 = 26
SELECT @Nbr1 as First,
@Nbr2 as Second,
user.addition(@Nbr1, @Nbr2) as Result;
GO
Built-in Functions
/* Casting a Value */
DECLARE @stringV VARCHAR(10), @intV INT
SET @stringV = '10';
SET @intV = CAST(@stringV as INT);
SELECT @intV as Result
GO
/* Converting a Value */
/* Casting a Value */
DECLARE @stringV VARCHAR(10), @intV INT, @result INT
SET @stringV = '6';
SET @intV = CAST(@stringV as INT);
SET @result = @intV + @intV;
PRINT 'Result :' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(10), @result, 10);
GO
/* The Length of a String */
DECLARE @stringV varchar(10), @result INT
SET @stringV = 'ABCDEF';
SET @result = LEN(@stringV);
PRINT 'Result :' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(10), @result, 10);
GO
/* Date and Time Based Functions*/
| Type of Value | Abbreviation | As a result |
| Year | yy | The function will return the number of years that have elapsed between the start and the end dates |
| yyyy | ||
| quarter | q | The function will return the number of quarters of a year that have elapsed between the start and the end dates |
| Month | m | The function will return the number of months that have elapsed between the start and the end dates |
| mm | ||
| dayofyear | y | The function will return the number of days of a year that have elapsed between the start and the end dates |
| dy | ||
| Day | d | The function will return the number of days that have elapsed between the start and the end dates |
| dd | ||
| Week | wk | The function will return the number of weeks that have elapsed between the start and the end dates |
| ww | ||
| Hour | hh | The function will return the number of hours that have elapsed between the start and the end times or dates |
| minute | n | The function will return the number of minutes that have elapsed between the start and the end times or dates |
| mi | ||
| second | s | The function will return the number of seconds that have elapsed between the start and the end times or dates |
| ss | ||
| millisecond | ms | The function will return the number of milliseconds that have elapsed between the start and the end times or dates |
/* The Current System Date and/or Time */
DECLARE @currentDateTime DATETIME
SET @currentDateTime = GETDATE();
SELECT @currentDateTime AS CurrentDateTime;
GO
/*Date/Time Addition
Format :- DATEADD(TypeOfValue, ValueToAdd, DateOrTimeReferenced)*/
DECLARE @Anniversary As DateTime;
SET @Anniversary = '2002/10/02';
SELECT DATEADD(yy, 4, @Anniversary) AS Anniversary;
GO
/*Date/Time Addition
Format :- DATEDIFF(TypeOfValue, StartDate, EndDate) */
DECLARE @DateHired As DateTime, @CurrentDate As DateTime;
SET @DateHired = '2006/10/12';
SET @CurrentDate = GETDATE();
SELECT DATEDIFF(mm, @DateHired, @CurrentDate)
AS [Current Experience], DATEDIFF(dd, @DateHired, @CurrentDate) as Days;
GO
Tuesday, July 17, 2007
Windows Server 2008
Windows Server 2008 to Launch with Visual Studio and SQL Server Just announced at the Worldwide Partner Conference, Windows Server 2008 will be launched jointly with Visual Studio 2008 and SQL Server 2008 on Feb. 27, 2008, in Los Angeles. As the most important enterprise launch in company history, this will kick off a "launch wave" of hundreds of worldwide events hosted by Microsoft.
• Built for the Web
Simplify Web server management with Internet Information Services 7.0, which is a powerful Web platform for applications and services. This modular platform provides a simplified, task-based management interface, greater cross-site control, security enhancements, and integrated health management for Web Services.
Internet Information Server (IIS) 7 and .NET Framework 3.0 provide a comprehensive platform for building applications that connect users to each other and to their data, enabling them to visualize, share, and act on information.
• Virtualization
Virtualize multiple operating systems – Windows, Linux and others – on a single server. With virtualization built into the operating system and with simpler, more flexible licensing policies, it’s now easier than ever to take advantage of all the benefits and cost savings of virtualization.
Windows Server 2008 provides you with the flexibility to create an agile and dynamic datacenter to meet your changing business needs.
Terminal Services Gateway and Terminal Services RemoteApp are designed for easy remote access and application integration with the local desktop, enabling secure and seamless application deployment without the need for a VPN.
• Security
Windows Server 2008 is the most secure Windows Server ever. Its hardened operating system and security innovations, including Network Access Protection, Federated Rights Management, and Read-Only Domain Controller, provide unprecedented levels of protection for your network, your data, and your business.
Windows Server 2008 helps protect against failure and intrusion for servers, networks, data, and user accounts.
Network Access Protection gives you the power to isolate computers that don’t comply with your organization's security policies, and provides network restriction, remediation, and ongoing compliance checking.
Federated Rights Management Services provides persistent protection for sensitive data; helps reduce risks and enables compliance; and provides a platform for comprehensive information protection.
Read-Only Domain Controller allows you to deploy Active Directory Domain Services while restricting replication of the full Active Directory database, to better protect against server theft or compromise.
• A Solid Foundation for Your Business Workloads
Windows Server 2008 is the most flexible and robust Windows Server operating system to date. With new technologies and features such as Server Core, PowerShell, Windows Deployment Services, and enhanced networking and clustering technologies, Windows Server 2008 provides you the most versatile and reliable Windows platform for all of your workload and application requirements.
Server Manager accelerates server setup and configuration, and simplifies ongoing management of server roles via a unified management console.
Windows PowerShell is a new command-line shell with more than 130 tools and an integrated scripting language that enables an administrator to automate routine system administration tasks, especially across multiple servers.
Server Core is a new installation option for selected roles that includes only the necessary components and subsystems without a graphical user interface, to provide a highly available server that requires fewer updates and less servicing.
Monday, July 16, 2007
Microsoft Visual Studio 2008
Visual Studio Product Roadmap
Microsoft® Visual Studio® 2008 (formerly known as, Microsoft® Visual Studio® code name “Orcas”) delivers on Microsoft’s vision of smart client applications by enabling developers to rapidly create connected applications that deliver the highest quality rich user experiences. With Visual Studio 2008, organizations will find it easier than ever before to capture and analyze information so that they can make effective business decisions. Visual Studio 2008 enables any size organization to rapidly create more secure, manageable & reliable applications that take advantage of Windows Vista and the 2007 Office system.
Visual Studio 2008 delivers key advances for developers in three primary pillars:
Improve Developer Productivity
In Visual Studio 2008, developer productivity doesn’t end with the code editor and wizards. By extending this concept to application architectures and the underlying platform, Visual Studio 2008 delivers not only a productive development tool but also enables developers to tackle new business problems while decreasing the total cost of solution construction. In Visual Studio 2008, developers, designers and database professionals will see new tools and frameworks become available to simplify their tasks.
Manage the IT Life Cycle
Visual Studio 2008 enhances the end-to-end value of Visual Studio Team System by increasing its role-based coverage and delivering enhanced traceability throughout the software development life cycle. With deep integration across roles in the software life cycle and the Team Foundation Server, Team System enables customers to amplify the impact of their teams and improve software quality.
Employ the Latest Technologies
As users look for new ways of comprehending and retaining information developers must still grapple with basic desktop and application security. Visual Studio, Windows Vista and the 2007 Office system enable you to deliver a safe, robust and compelling user experience in any type of application.
Visual Studio 2008 achieves these key advances through a wide array of innovative product improvements, such as:
Handle Data More Smoothly
With the introduction for Language Integrated Query (LINQ) and improvements to ADO.NET, developers can now deal with data using a consistent programmatic way and with new design surfaces and support for the occasionally connected design pattern.
Enable New Web Experiences
Beyond the secure, reliable & extensible infrastructure of IIS, developers can easily create Web applications with more interactive, more responsive and more efficient client-side execution using the seamless integration and familiar programming model of ASP.NET AJAX and other extensions & enhancements.
Improve Application Life-cycle Management (ALM)
Visual Studio 2008 provides great support for not only managing the entire software development life cycle, but also the critical interaction with the final end users and managers of an enterprise application.
Target Windows Vista and .NET Framework 3.0 Development
Developers will be easily able to leverage new platform technologies and deliver more compelling applications to their customers by effortlessly incorporating new Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) features into both existing Windows Forms applications and new applications.
Create Microsoft Office Applications
Visual Studio Tools for Office is now fully integrated into Visual Studio 2008 Professional Edition enables developers to customize any Office application, from Outlook to PowerPoint, to improve end user productivity and significantly improving deployment.
Microsoft SQL Server 2008
Your Data, Any Place, Any Time
SQL Server 2008, the next release of Microsoft SQL Server, provides a comprehensive data platform that is more secure, reliable, manageable and scalable for your mission critical applications, while enabling developers to create new applications that can store and consume any type of data on any device, and enabling all your users to make informed decisions with relevant insights.
Mission Critical Platform for All
SQL Server 2008 will provide a more secure, reliable and manageable enterprise data platform.
- Provides a scalable and reliable platform with advanced security technology for even the most demanding applications.
- Reduces the time and cost of managing data infrastructure with innovative policy based management.
Beyond Relational
SQL Server 2008 will enable developers and administrators to save time by allowing them to store and consume any type of data from XML to documents.
- Manages any type of data from relational data to documents, geographic information and XML.
- Offers a consistent set of services and tools across data types.
Redefining Pervasive Insight
SQL Server 2008 provides a more scalable infrastructure that enables IT to drive business intelligence throughout the organization.
- Brings powerful BI capabilities and valuable data even closer to every user.
- Empower users to easily consume information due to increased integration with Microsoft Office.
- Provides reports of any size or complexity internally within organizations and externally to partners and suppliers.
- Integrates all relevant data into a scalable and comprehensive data warehouse platform.
Dynamic Development for Data Management Solutions
SQL Server 2008 along with the .NET Framework will accelerate the development of the next generation of applications.
- Provides an integrated development environment with Microsoft Visual Studio and .NET Framework that will accelerate development of new applications with a higher level of data abstraction.
- Enables developers to synchronize data from virtually any device to the central data store.
Thursday, July 12, 2007
Super Star Rajinikanth
Early Life RajiniKanthRajinikanth was born on December 12 1949 in Karnataka, India. He was the fourth child to his parents Ramabai and Ramoji Rao Gaekwad. His original name was Shivaji Rao Gaekwad. He lost his mother at the age of five. He had his schooling at the Acharya Patasala in Bangalore and then at the Vivekananda Balak Sangh, a unit of the Ramakrishna Mission. His mother tongue is Marathi, though he has not done any movie in it.
Before starting his career in the film industry, he had to take up all sorts of odd jobs. He served as a bus conductor for Karnataka state transport corporation in Bangalore. It was during this time that he nurtured his acting interests by performing in various stage plays.
The evergreen unique actor and the Superstar of Tamil industry, Rajinikanth was introduced by the renowned director, K.Balachandar in the movie Aboorva raagangal as a co-artist. It's been 25 years, believe it or not, since the Super Star made his debut with an inconsequential role in a Tamil film. From villain and antihero to blockbuster supernova, the gifted actor has made the most of every outing. And he's deserved every bit of the success.
Wednesday, July 11, 2007
Bill Gates
Bill Gates Chairman, Microsoft Corp.
William (Bill) H. Gates is chairman of Microsoft Corporation, the worldwide leader in software, services and solutions that help people and businesses realize their full potential. Microsoft had revenues of US$44.28 billion for the fiscal year ending June 2006, and employs more than 71,000 people in 103 countries and regions.
On June 15, 2006, Microsoft announced that effective July 2008 Gates will transition out of a day-to-day role in the company to spend more time on his global health and education work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. After July 2008 Gates will continue to serve as Microsoft’s chairman and an advisor on key development projects. The two-year transition process is to ensure that there is a smooth and orderly transfer of Gates’ daily responsibilities. Effective June 2006, Ray Ozzie has assumed Gates’ previous title as chief software architect and is working side by side with Gates on all technical architecture and product oversight responsibilities at Microsoft. Craig Mundie has assumed the new title of chief research and strategy officer at Microsoft and is working closely with Gates to assume his responsibility for the company’s research and incubation efforts.
Born on Oct. 28, 1955, Gates grew up in Seattle with his two sisters. Their father, William H. Gates II, is a Seattle attorney. Their late mother, Mary Gates, was a schoolteacher, University of Washington regent, and chairwoman of United Way International.
Gates attended public elementary school and the private Lakeside School. There, he discovered his interest in software and began programming computers at age 13.
In 1973, Gates entered Harvard University as a freshman, where he lived down the hall from Steve Ballmer, now Microsoft's chief executive officer. While at Harvard, Gates developed a version of the programming language BASIC for the first microcomputer - the MITS Altair.
In his junior year, Gates left Harvard to devote his energies to Microsoft, a company he had begun in 1975 with his childhood friend Paul Allen. Guided by a belief that the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop and in every home, they began developing software for personal computers. Gates' foresight and his vision for personal computing have been central to the success of Microsoft and the software industry.
Under Gates' leadership, Microsoft's mission has been to continually advance and improve software technology, and to make it easier, more cost-effective and more enjoyable for people to use computers. The company is committed to a long-term view, reflected in its investment of approximately $6.2 billion on research and development in the 2005 fiscal year.
In 1999, Gates wrote Business @ the Speed of Thought, a book that shows how computer technology can solve business problems in fundamentally new ways. The book was published in 25 languages and is available in more than 60 countries. Business @ the Speed of Thought has received wide critical acclaim, and was listed on the best-seller lists of the New York Times, USA Today, the Wall Street Journal and Amazon.com. Gates' previous book, The Road Ahead, published in 1995, held the No. 1 spot on the New York Times' bestseller list for seven weeks.
Gates has donated the proceeds of both books to non-profit organizations that support the use of technology in education and skills development.
In addition to his love of computers and software, Gates founded Corbis, which is developing one of the world's largest resources of visual information - a comprehensive digital archive of art and photography from public and private collections around the globe. He is also a member of the board of directors of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., which invests in companies engaged in diverse business activities.
Philanthropy is also important to Gates. He and his wife, Melinda, have endowed a foundation with more than $28.8 billion (as of January 2005) to support philanthropic initiatives in the areas of global health and learning, with the hope that in the 21st century, advances in these critical areas will be available for all people. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has committed more than $3.6 billion to organizations working in global health; more than $2 billion to improve learning opportunities, including the Gates Library Initiative to bring computers, Internet Access and training to public libraries in low-income communities in the United States and Canada; more than $477 million to community projects in the Pacific Northwest; and more than $488 million to special projects and annual giving campaigns.
Gates was married on Jan. 1, 1994, to Melinda French Gates. They have three children. Gates is an avid reader, and enjoys playing golf and bridge.
Saturday, July 7, 2007
Dhirubhai H Ambani (Reliance)
Histry of Dhirubhai H Ambani
Dhirubhai H Ambani rose from humble beginnings to become chairman of India's largest private sector company.
In one of his more candid moments, the otherwise reticent tycoon summed up the secret of his remarkable success story.
Think big, think fast and think ahead.
Born in 1932 to a school teacher father in the small village of Chorwad in western Gujarat state, Ambani followed this advice all his life.
He dreamt big even as a small boy when he used to sell hot snacks to pilgrims outside a temple in his native village.
And he did not stop dreaming big even when he went to Aden as a petrol pump attendant at the age of 17 to help support his family.
Fortune 500
It was this desire to make it big in life which prompted his return to India in 1958.
Ambani came to Bombay and started his first company, Reliance Commercial Corporation, a commodity trading and export house.
The company was set up with an investment of 15,000 rupees (about $375).
Forty-four years later Reliance has grown into a conglomerate with an annual turnover of $13.2bn.
It is the only Indian private sector firm in the Fortune 500 list.
In the process, the company has also acquired one of the world's largest groups of shareholders, with over four million investors putting their faith in its stock.
'Revered'
In 1966 the Reliance group opened its first textile mill in Naroda in Ahmedabad.
The textile mill won accolades in 1975 from a World Bank technical team, who described it as "excellent by developed country standards".
Two years later the company went public, evoking a tremendous response from investors.
That made Ambani something of a revered figure among the stock investors' fraternity, who held him in awe from then on.
They credit the Reliance chairman with introducing a stock market culture in the country.
'Matchless acumen'
In the 25 years since it went public Reliance has become more than just a textile industry player.
It now has interests in power, telecoms, petrochemicals and life sciences as well.
Under Ambani's guidance it became one of the biggest first-generation success stories in Asia.
Its founder will go down perhaps as the most controversial industrialist in India's corporate history.
He was known for assiduously cultivating those in positions of power.
Many observers attribute his phenomenal rise to his close contacts with the Congress leadership in the 1970s and 1980s.
But even those who question his business dealings - especially in the earlier years of Reliance - readily concede that Ambani had a vision and matchless business acumen.
Late recognition
While he and his family may have begrudged what they thought was insufficient recognition from his peers and the press till the 1980s, all that changed in the last decade, during which the Reliance family really flourished.
Asiaweek magazine voted Ambani amongst the 50 most powerful men in Asia - not once but three times, in 2000, 1998 and 1996.
The federation of Indian chambers of commerce and industry (FICCI) conferred on him the Indian entrepreneur of the 20th Century award.
A poll conducted by The Times of India in 2000 voted him "creator of wealth in the century".
And in December 2000 Ambani was honoured at a civic reception by the municipal corporation of Bombay.
He is survived by his wife, two sons and two daughters.
His sons, Mukesh and Anil, both of them groomed in business by their father, have turned into great business leaders in their own right.
Friday, July 6, 2007
Sachin Tendulkar
Favourites of Sachin Tendulkar
Ground : Sydney cricket ground
Movie : Coming to America
Music : Pop
Hobby : Collecting CD's.
Car : Maruti
Actors : Amitabh Bacchan, Nana Patekar
Actresses : Madhuri Dixit
Cricket Heroes : Gavaskar, Viv Richards, Imran Khan and Sandeep Patil
Other Fav. Stars : Maradona, Borris Becker
Drink : Orange / Apple juice and water
Food : Steak
Pastime : Listening to peaceful music with friends
Clothes : Official jacket and tie, else jeans and T-shirt
Magazine : Sportstar
Newspapers : Times of India, Mid-day, Afternoon Dispatch
Restaurant : Bukhara, Maurya Sheraton
Holiday Resort : Yorkshire, Headingley
Hotel : Park Royal Darling Harbour, Sydney
Other Sports : Tennis
Funniest Moment
Once I (Sachin) was batting with Vinod Kambli for a school match. Vinod dropped his bat in the middle of the game and started to fly a kite. It was so funny, I really can't forget that day in whole of my life.
Other's
Major Teams : India, Mumbai and Yorkshire
Memorable Day : Beating Pakistan in the 1992 World Cup
Worst Day : Losing the fist ODI in RSA in 1992
Greatest Influence : Family
Ambition : To be number one in the world
Dream Woman : My wife
Current Players Admired : Vinod Kambli, Brian Lara and Jonty Rhodes
Embarrasing Moment : People asking for my autograph and then asking me my name
Hate : Rumors
Sachin Tendulkar
India
Full name Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar
Born April 24, 1973, Bombay (now Mumbai), Maharashtra
Current age 34 years 276 days
Major teams
Nickname Tendlya, Little Master
Batting style Right-hand bat
Bowling style Right-arm offbreak, Legbreak googly
Height 5 ft 5 in
Education Sharadashram Vidyamandir School
| Mat | Inns | NO | Runs | HS | Ave | BF | SR | 100 | 50 | 4s | 6s | Ct | St | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tests | 145 | 235 | 25 | 11616 | 248* | 55.31 | 38 | 49 | 44 | 98 | 0 | |||
| ODIs | 407 | 397 | 37 | 15962 | 186* | 44.33 | 18669 | 85.50 | 41 | 87 | 1747 | 166 | 120 | 0 |
| T20Is | 1 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 10.00 | 12 | 83.33 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| First-class | 245 | 383 | 40 | 20379 | 248* | 59.41 | 64 | 95 | 165 | 0 | ||||
| List A | 494 | 482 | 51 | 19514 | 186* | 45.27 | 52 | 105 | 155 | 0 | ||||
| Twenty20 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 198 | 69 | 39.60 | 119 | 166.38 | 0 | 2 | 30 | 5 | 2 | 0 |
| Mat | Inns | Balls | Runs | Wkts | BBI | BBM | Ave | Econ | SR | 4w | 5w | 10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tests | 145 | 123 | 3856 | 2206 | 42 | 3/10 | 3/14 | 52.52 | 3.43 | 91.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| ODIs | 407 | 263 | 7985 | 6774 | 154 | 5/32 | 5/32 | 43.98 | 5.09 | 51.8 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
| T20Is | 1 | 1 | 15 | 12 | 1 | 1/12 | 1/12 | 12.00 | 4.80 | 15.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| First-class | 245 | 7215 | 4095 | 67 | 3/10 | 61.11 | 3.40 | 107.6 | 0 | 0 | |||
| List A | 494 | 10161 | 8402 | 201 | 5/32 | 5/32 | 41.80 | 4.96 | 50.5 | 4 | 2 | 0 | |
| Twenty20 | 5 | 4 | 57 | 65 | 2 | 1/12 | 1/12 | 32.50 | 6.84 | 28.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1. Highest Run scorer in the ODI
2. Most number of hundreds in the ODI 41
3. Most number of nineties in the ODI
4. Most number of man of the matches(56) in the ODI's
5. Most number of man of the series(14) in ODI's
6. Best average for man of the matches in ODI's
7. First Cricketer to pass 10000 run in the ODI
8. First Cricketer to pass 15000 run in the ODI
9. He is the highest run scorer in the world cup (1,796 at an average of 59.87 as on 20 March 2007)
10. Most number of the man of the matches in the world cup
11. Most number of runs 1996 world cup 523 runs in the 1996 Cricket World Cup at an average of 87.16
12. Most number of runs in the 2003 world cup 673 runs in 2003 Cricket World Cup, highest by any player in a single Cricket World Cup
13. He was Player of the World Cup Tournament in the 2003 Cricket World Cup.
14. Most number of Fifties in ODI's 87
15. Appeared in Most Number of ODI's 407
16. He is the only player to be in top 10 ICC ranking for 10 years.
17. Most number of 100's in test's 39
18. He is one of the three batsmen to surpass 11,000 runs in Test cricket, and the first Indian to do so
19. He is thus far the only cricketer to receive the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, India's highest sporting honor
20. In 2003, Wisden rated Tendulkar as d No. 1 and Richards at No. 2 in all time Greatest ODI player
21. In 2002, Wisden rated him as the second greatest Test batsman after Sir Donald Bradman.
22. he was involved in unbroken 664-run partnership in a Harris Shield game in 1988 with friend and team mate Vinod Kambli,
23. Tendulkar is the only player to score a century in all three of his Ranji Trophy, Duleep Trophy and Irani Trophy debuts
24. In 1992, at the age of 19, Tendulkar became the first overseas born player to represent Yorkshire
25. Tendulkar has been granted the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Award , Padma Shri , best citizen of India and Padma vibushan by Indian government. He is the only Indian cricketer to get all of them.
26. Tendulkar has scored over 1000 runs in a calendar year in ODI's 7 times
27. Tendulkar has scored 1894 runs in a calendar year in ODI's most by any batsman
28. He is the highest earning cricketer in the world
29. He has the least percentage of the man of the matches awards won when team looses a match. Out of his 56 man of the match awards only 5 times India has lost.
30. Tendulkar most number man of match awards(10) against Australia
31. In August of 2003, Sachin Tendulkar was voted as the "Greatest Sportsman" of the country in the sport personalities category in the Best of India poll conducted by Zee News.
32. In November 2006, Time magazine named Tendulkar as one of the Asian Heroes.
33. In December 2006, he was named "Sports person of the Year
34. The current India Poised campaign run by The Times of India has nominated him as the Face of New India next to the likes of Amartya Sen and Mahatma Gandhi among others.
35. Tendulkar was the first batsman in history to score over 50 centuries in international cricket
36. Tendulkar was the first batsman in history to score over 75 centuries in international cricket:79 centuries
37. Has the most overall runs in cricket, (ODIs+Tests+Twenty20s), as of 30 June 2007 he had accumulated almost 26,000 runs overall.
38. Is second on the most number of runs in test cricket just after Brian Lara
39. Sachin Tendulkar with Sourav Ganguly hold the world record for the maximum number of runs scored by the opening partnership. They have put together 6,271 runs in 128 matches
40. The 20 century partnerships for opening pair with Sourav Ganguly is a world record
41. Sachin Tendulkar and Rahul Dravid hold the world record for the highest partnership in ODI matches when they scored 331 runs against New Zealand in 1999
42. Sachin Tendulkar has been involved in six 200 run partnerships in ODI matches - a record that he shares with Sourav Ganguly and Rahul Dravid
43. Most Centuries in a calendar year: 9 ODI centuries in 1998
44. Only player to have over 100 innings of 50+ runs (41 Centuries and 87 Fifties)(as of 18th Nov, 2007)
45. The only player ever to cross the 13,000-14,000 and 15,000 run marks IN ODI.
46. Highest individual score among Indian batsmen (186* against New Zealand at Hyderabad in 1999).
47. The score of 186* is listed the fifth highest score recorded in ODI matches
48. Tendulkar has scored over 1000 ODI runs against all major Cricketing nations.
49. Sachin was the fastest to reach 10,000 runs taking 259 innings and has the highest batting average among batsmen with over 10,000 ODI runs
50. Most number of Stadium Appearances: 90 different Grounds
51. Consecutive ODI Appearances: 185
52. On his debut, Sachin Tendulkar was the second youngest debutant in the world
53. When Tendulkar scored his maiden century in 1990, he was the second youngest to score a century
54. Tendulkar's record of five test centuries before he turned 20 is a current world record
55. Tendulkar holds the current record (217 against NZ in 1999/00 Season) for the highest score in Test cricket by an Indian when captaining the side
56. Tendulkar has scored centuries against all test playing nations.[7] He was the third batman to achieve the distinction after Steve Waugh and Gary Kirsten
57. Tendulkar has 4 seasons in test cricket with 1000 or more runs - 2002 (1392 runs), 1999 (1088 runs), 2001 (1003 runs) and 1997 (1000 runs).[6] Gavaskar is the only other Indian with four seasons of 1000+ runs
58. He is second most number of seasons with over 1000 runs in world.
59. On 3 January 2007 Sachin Tendulkar (5751) edged past Brian Lara's (5736) world record of runs scored in Tests away from home
60. Tendulkar and Brian Lara are the fastest to score 10,000 runs in Test cricket history. Both of them achieved this in 195 innings
61. Second Indian after Sunil Gavaskar to make over 10,000 runs in Test matches
62. Became the first Indian to surpass the 11,000 Test run mark and the third International player behind Allan Border and Brian Lara.
63. Tendulkar is fourth on the list of players with most Test caps. Steve Waugh (168 Tests), Allan Border (158 Tests), Shane Warne (145 Tests) have appeared in more games than Tendulkar
64. Tendulkar has played the most number of Test Matches(144) for India (Kapil Dev is second with 131 Test appearances).
65. First to 25,000 international runs
66. Tendulkar's 25,016 runs in international cricket include 14,537 runs in ODI's, 10,469 Tests runs and 10 runs in the lone Twenty20 that India has played.
67. On December 10, 2005, Tendulkar made his 35th century in Tests at Delhi against Sri Lanka. He surpassed Sunil Gavaskar's record of 34 centuries to become the man with the most number of hundreds in Test cricket.
68. Tendulkar is the only player who has 150 wkts and more than 15000 runs in ODI
69. Tendulkar is the only player who has 40 wkts and more than 11000 runs in Tests
70. Only batsman to have 100 hundreds in the first class cricket
71. GREAT PERSON OF INDIAN CRICKET
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